fix: add input validation to cyclic_sort to prevent infinite loop

[mithunbabbira]

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• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
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Fixes #14898

cyclic_sort had no input validation. Inputs with duplicates caused an infinite loop, and out-of-range values silently produced wrong output.

Added validation matching the issue's expected behavior:

• Duplicates → ValueError: All numbers must be unique, got [...]
• Out-of-range → ValueError: All numbers must be in range 1 to n, got x

Regression doctests added for both cases.

Verified: python3 -m doctest sorts/cyclic_sort.py -v — all 4 doctests pass. ruff check passes.